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To determine the speed of an object its position is measured as a function of time. Holding speed constant the position of an object will always change linearly will increase in time. From the relationship
Speed = distance travelled/time elapsed
We obtain
x=Vt+xo
Where
x0 = initial position of the object.
From the linear equation above we realize the slope of the graph plotted will give the speed of the object.
The movement of sound in air is dependent on the density and temperature of the air of propagation. Using sound at 20Hz frequency, the temperature dependence can be computed from the equation
Where
T = temperature in degrees,
Theoretically at normal atmospheric pressure, with 50% relative humidity sound moves at an average speed of 345.25 m/s. So as to be able to carry out the experiment we measure the time taken to travel the given distance.
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Apparatus and procedure
Lucite tube: is fitted with two speakers, where one speaker is fitted at the end of the tube while the other is movable inside the tube. The distance between the two speakers can be measured using a metric tape used to calibrate the inside of the tube. The first speaker is the transmitter while the second is the detector of the sound pulse.
Electric pulse generator: will provide the voltage pulse that will generate the sound to be transmitted at constant intervals of time. The time between the application of the voltage and the appearance of the pulse at the receiving speaker will be equal to the time it takes for the sound pulse to travel between the two speakers.
Oscilloscope: the electron beam can be used to measure the various speed when swept horizontally. The time between the start of the horizontal motion of the electron beam and the start of the vertical deflection is equal to the time of travel of the sound pulse between the two speakers.
Procedure
- Move the second speaker until the first large sharp peak of the voltage trace displayed on the oscilloscope screen coincides with the 0.5 ms vertical line corresponding to the time, t, equal to 0.5 ms. Measure and record the position, x, of the second speaker in a table consisting of two columns, one for the time t, and the other for the position, x.
- Repeat step 1 above for additional values of t [1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 ms] corresponding to other vertical lines on the oscilloscope screen. Continue to use table one for this data.
- Plot a graph of x (cm) versus t (ms). In class, you plot this graph using Excel.
- Since the speed of sound is constant, the graph of x vs. t should be a straight line. Using two dimensional statistics, linear regression, vexp.
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Data
| time t (ms) | position X (cm) |
| 0.5 | 21.5 |
| 1 | 38.2 |
| 1.5 | 55.7 |
| 2 | 73.52 |
| 2.5 | 89.8 |
| 3 | 107.5 |
Calculation and analysis
Slope of the graph = ( Δy)/Δx
Vexp = 34.43543 cm/ms
Intercept = 4.108
linear correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.999883
Sy = 0.390355
Sslope = 0.186625
Sintercept = 0.363401
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Graph
Questions
- The straight line indicates that the speed of sound is uniform throughout the duration of propagation.
- The resulting graph would have been a curve as the acceleration would be a non-zero hence constantly varying.
- Distance for t= 0.5 ms
- Distance travelled by light
-
- a) The closeness of the linear correlation coefficient, R2 shows that the two variables are linearly related.
- b) Obtaining the distance moved by the pulse during each time interval.
Distance =speed x time
= 34.43543 cm/ms x 0.5
=17.2177 cm
Distance =speed(c)x time
= (3.00 x 108 m/s.) x( 0.5 x 10-3)
=150000 x 1609.34-1
= 93.2059 miles
Conclusion
Finally, it is evident from the experiment that the value obtained is close to the theoretical value. It can also be reasonably be deduced that the parameters time and distance are linearly related.
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